A pioneer in the use of donor stem cell transplants for blood cancers, Champlin was one of the first to recognize that the new blood from the donor actually attacks remaining leukemia or lymphoma cells in the recipient.
By studying this graft-vs.-cancer effect, Champlin found that the extremely high doses of chemotherapy given to kill a patient's disease before transplant were unnecessary.
"We used to give almost life-threatening doses of chemotherapy to treat disease," Champlin said. "Now we can use lower doses and then rely on the donor's stem cells to kill remaining cancer and cure disease."
Donor transplants now are offered to patients previously ineligible because of the high-dose chemotherapy's toxicity, Barrett noted.
"Dr. Champlin's strategy resulted in a paradigm shift in clinical transplant medicine by dramatically reducing the mortality rates of young and older donor transplant recipients. This approach has become the standard of care for these transplant recipients worldwide," he said. Barrett is section chief of Stem Cell Transplantation at the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Hematology Branch.
Older patients are most likely to have leukemia or lymphoma. "Now we can go to age 75," Champlin said. "It used to be restricted to young adults and children, now almost everyone can tolerate a transplant. If we find a good donor match for them, they may be cured."
Champlin wins praise as an enthusiastic teacher and mentor. He has trained hundreds of young transplant investigators from around the world, many of whom now lead other prominent transplant programs.
Champlin was the founding president of the ASBMT and served as chair of the Center for International Bone Marrow Transplant Research. He is a prolific author of more than 700 scientific and clinical papers.
He also served as vice president of the Foundation for the Accreditation of Hematopoietic Therapy (FACT) for more than a decade. In that role, he was instrumental in developing standards, as well as an accreditation program, that have been widely adopted by the national and international transplant communities. Champlin served as the President of the Council for Donor Collections and Transplant Centers for the National Marrow Donor Program (NMDP).
He is a member of the Advisory Committee for Cord Blood and Stem Cell Transplantation for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
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It is estimated that 1,200 children aged between 0-15 years get cancer in Ghana every year.
According to the President of the Robert Mitchell Memorial Cancer Foundation, Mrs Emma Mitchell, the situation was aggravated by the ignorance of some parents to take their children to the nearest hospital when symptoms of the illness were detected.
What was even alarming, she said, was the fact that the survival rate in the county was 20 per cent, compared to-70-80 per cent in developed countries.
According to her, health experts had maintained that childhood cancers could be cured, provided prompt and essential treatment was accessible.
Mrs Mitchell, a former minister of state and now a member of the Council of State, therefore, advised parents to immediately report to health specialists for early detection and cure when they detected signs such as prolonged fever, loss of weight and appetite, fatigue, easy bruising or bleeding in their children.
In an interview with the Daily Graphic after a float had been organised by the foundation along selected streets of Accra to create awareness of childhood cancer, Mrs Mitchell explained that lack of knowledge and inadequate medical facilities were some of the contributory factors responsible for the alarming rate of the disease in the country.
Cancer is a class of diseases characterised by out-of-control cell growth. There are over 100 different types of cancer and each is classified by the type of cell that is initially affected.
Cancer harms the body when damaged cells divide incontrollably to form lumps or masses of tissue called tumours (except in the case of leukaemia in which cancer prohibits normal blood function by abnormal cell division in the blood stream).
Tumours can grow and interfere with the digestive, nervous and circulatory systems and they can release hormones that alter body function.
Tumours that stay in one spot and demonstrate limited growth are generally considered to be benign.
Dr Juliana Mitchell of the Child Health Department at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital advised against the use of pesticides at close range to children because pesticides were associated with acute myeloid leukaemia.
Dr Mitchell, a daughter of Mrs Mitchell, said pollution to the environment, continuous infection of malaria, hepatitis and other diseases such a HIV/AIDS could precipitate cancer diseases. New research including more than 500,000 adults shows that levels in the blood of bilirubin in the normal range but relatively higher were linked to a reduced risk of lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and all-cause death, according to a study to be published Wednesday in the Journal of the American Medical Association.
Bilirubin is a compound produced by the breakdown of hemoglobin from red blood cells.
It is in excreted urine, and high levels may indicate certain diseases. It is responsible for the yellow color of bruises and the yellow discoloration in jaundice. Bilirubin may also have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which help protect cells, the researchers said.
Bilirubin is created by the activity of biliverdin reductase on biliverdin, a green tetrapyrrolic bile pigment which is also a product of heme catabolism. Bilirubin, when oxidized, reverts to become biliverdin once again. This cycle, in addition to the demonstration of the potent antioxidant activity of bilirubin, has led to the hypothesis that bilirubin’s main physiologic role is as a cellular antioxidant.
Previous studies suing animals have shown that raised bilirubin levels in the blood appears to protect the lungs against environmental damage, which may be due to the potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of bilirubin, she added.
Laura J. Horsfall, M.Sc., of University College London, and colleagues examined the association between serum bilirubin levels and the incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer and all-cause death in a large population-based group of patients from the United Kingdom .
Although the research did not establish causality for any of the relationships, there is some experimental evidence that bilirubin has benefits for respiratory health because of its cytoprotective properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative effects, according to the researchers. Evidence in support of the health-promoting properties of vitamin D continues to mount as new research shows a direct link between blood levels of the super-nutrient and the risk of developing colon cancer. The National Cancer Institute provides statistics showing that colon cancer is the second most deadly form of the disease, taking the lives of more than 50,000 each year in the US. The International Journal of Cancer has published a meta-analysis from nine comprehensive studies showing dramatic reductions in colon cancer risk with higher blood concentrations of the sunshine vitamin.
The pooled data from the studies reviewed showed that for every 10 nanograms per milliliter increase in vitamin D blood level saturation, there was a corresponding decrease in colon cancer incidence of 15%. Breast cancer risk was lowered by 11% with the same increase in vitamin D. Researchers made note that they were testing the biologically active form of vitamin D known as cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) and not the less active precursor (vitamin D2 or ergocalciferol). Vitamin D was tested using the more accurate 25(OH)D blood test.
The role of vitamin D in cancer prevention has been theorized since the early 1940`s when scientists discovered that cancer rates were much lower in countries closest to the equator. At the time they believed that sunshine played an important role in `cancer immunity`. Over time the link between vitamin D production in the skin and sun exposure has become increasingly apparent and extensive research demonstrates how this crucial nutrient can protect DNA integrity and prevent cancer-causing mutations.
Research studies over the past decade have provided conclusive evidence that vitamin D blood levels in the 50 to 80 ng/ml range are associated with a significantly reduced cancer risk from all lines of the disease. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition published the results of a study showing that vitamin D (1100 IU per day) combined with calcium (1400 to 1500 mg per day) `substantially reduces all-cancer risk in postmenopausal women`.